High Cholesterol Essay Example for Free

Elevated Cholesterol Essay Everyone stresses over their wellbeing right? These days individuals truly don’t care excessively and just do the absolute minimum to get past their life. A great many people simply eat what they need, and settle on a lot of choices that will just decimate your body gradually. There are numerous illnesses out there and you can never be excessively protected, in light of the fact that your wellbeing is the thing that props you up with your life. Numerous ailments out there individuals don’t even think about. Well this sickness I am going to talk about can influence your wellbeing like you wouldn’t accept. This malady can be extremely hazardous for the human body if not appropriately dealt with. This illness is called â€Å"High Cholesterol†. For one thing, what is Cholesterol? Well â€Å"Cholesterol is a clingy, waxy, greasy substance discovered normally all through your body.†1 Cholesterol is a significant substance to keep up. Doing so will forestall a great deal of maladies that can cause significantly more harm to your body. That’s why watching what you eat can play a colossal factor in your life with regards to wellbeing. Presently I will disclose to you why it is essential to deal with your cholesterol. For what reason is Important to deal with your cholesterol? On the off chance that the cholesterol arrives at an unreasonable sum, it can adhere to the hearts conduit dividers. To such an extent that it can square and thin them, this is known as plaque development. Over some stretch of time if the plaque develops at a high rate, it can prompt a substantially more hazardous thing called atherosclerosis which is resolved to be a solidifying of the courses. Individuals don’t acknowledge that it is so genuine to watch your cholesterol. Having High Cholesterol, it can cause a genuine hazard for coronary illness. Elevated cholesterol is in your body, and the more it increment 9which accompanies age) the more it can cause a genuine infection. The thing about High Cholesterol is the point at which you have it; you won't know it. In the event that you keep on devouring a great deal of greasy nourishments, or being overweight from eating an excess of food inside and out, or regardless of whether you have a family ancestry of such sickness, you should ensure you watch your cholesterol level consistently. Did you realize that in the event that you have a lot cholesterol in your blood, it can cause cardiovascular infection? Well â€Å"Cardiovascular illness is the No. 1 reason for death in the United States. 2,200 Americans pass on of cardiovascular malady every day, a normal of one demise each 39 seconds.†2 After perusing that announcement, doesn’t it make you wonder how you can treat it? Since I am certain that alarms you simply like it alarms me. There are numerous things that can cause your cholesterol level to soar, so the best activity is figure out how to keep this from occurring. It is imperative to have an every day diet, watching what you eat can forestall your cholesterol level to rise. Eating well food, for example, vegetable, meats, etc†¦always ensure you avoid greasy nourishments. While having a decent eating regimen, it encourages you keep up your weight, which being overweight can likewise cause elevated cholesterol. Being truly fit is likewise another acceptable method to keep up elevated cholesterol. In addition to the fact that you want to watch what you eat, you likewise need to ensure you work out. Practicing is by a long shot the most advantageous to accomplish for your body. There are a wide range of activities that are useful for your wellbeing. A portion of these activities are running, extending, strolling, bounce rope, anything to keep your blood streaming in your body with the goal that your cholesterol level remains ordinary. Another significant item which can influence your cholesterol is tobacco. Tobacco which not just purposes elevated cholesterol issues, it causes demise by different illnesses. Avoiding tobacco is significant. In any event, breathing in recycled smoke is terrible for you. Stopping cigarettes ought to be an unquestionable requirement, particularly if you’re attempting to keep up great wellbeing, and lower your cholesterol level. At regular intervals, somebody is kicking the bucket from the utilization of tobacco items. Rewarding elevated cholesterol is fundamentally keeping up great wellbeing. Continuously ensure you see your primary care physician in any event once every month, if not two times per year. Have him check for any issues with regards to elevated cholesterol. It’s truly something realizing that all that we do in life can influence us as an individual, particularly our bodies which keeps us alive and living our lives. So consistently ensure you keep up great wellbeing, and watch your cholesterol level so we can remain alive and live in light of the fact that life is to short. Works Cited 1. What Is High Cholesterol? EverydayHealth.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2012. http://www.everydayhealth.com/coronary illness/cholesterol/understanding/ind

Essay Topics For Middle School Students

Essay Topics For Middle School StudentsEssay topics for middle school students can vary from just about anything and everything in the world to practical matters, such as how to avoid getting into an accident on a certain road and where the nearest hospital is located. Good essay topics for middle school students can include even more than this.Another common everyday situations that might be included are things that might be contained within a file folder. In this case, a simple query could be asked as to the best way to divide files for both of these folders would be on a desk. The conclusion to this would be to point out that there are disadvantages to having several files on a desk, because then the question would be asked to examine how to get these folders arranged and what should be done with the folder that has been used to compile the files.One class topic that is perfect for middle school students would be one in which the teacher would be asked to consider a different way of disciplining the students. The teacher would be asked to answer this question by first explaining that it is better to use a nice manner to the students, where discipline is not an issue but discipline is not necessarily something that is good either. A very good essay topic for middle school students would then be something such as this. This way, the essay would be able to cover a wide variety of subjects and would be able to cover a multitude of situations that might exist in a classroom.One other possible expository essay topics for middle school students is to see how the children would perceive if there were students in their class who do not appreciate the sound of the word 'no'. One of the worst things that could happen would be if a student in the class who is having an issue with a student would not respond and would instead become silent until the other student responds. If a teacher is asked to write a good expository essay on this topic, the topic could be about the importance of teaching the student to always reply back to his or her fellow classmates and fellow teachers.An expository essay is not only for teaching either. They can also be for just about anything. The point would be to get the best quality written essay that is not only educational but can also be inspirational to the students.An excellent idea for expository essay topics for middle school students would be to try writing a historical essay about a certain year. Some people might say that this is a very old concept, but the truth is that there is a great deal of things that are important to the students today, and a historical essay can cover many of these things. By writing a good expository essay about what the students know and what they should know, then the lesson that the students will learn is greatly improved.Another idea that is perfect for expository essay topics for middle school students would be to take a look at some of the issues and problems that students have today. Issues that might include the making of some of the more popular songs by artists like Katy Perry and Justin Bieber. Again, using examples would be ideal, but writing an essay that includes a good number of facts would be best.Essay topics for middle school students can be anything from anything that is important to the students, or something that would be able to inspire them to do better in their current school. The fact that an essay is for middle school students would be considered a great advantage. Essays are actually some of the easiest topics to write about.

E-Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

E-Marketing - Research Paper Example Another pattern that that has emphatically affected online trade is the elegant ascent in notoriety of 3-G Internet-empowered telephones. These telephones empower clients to get to all online informal communities, from any piece of the globe, through the Worldwide Web. This advancement has thusly affected online trade decidedly by giving on the web trade a more extensive, increasingly all inclusive degree. As indicated by Circle, no longer should the advertiser in San Francisco see his market as his prompt environmental factors. Rather, these interpersonal organizations universalize his product and market as companion bunches examine his items (27). These patterns can be positioned as most affecting on a few tallies. In the first place, the issue of friend bunches helping in advertise division can't be evaded in light of the fact that showcase division distinguishes the requirements of the market and segments of the market. Any promoting procedures that don't factor explicit requirements of the market are set for disappointment. Also, the universalization of the market through guides, for example, the Worldwide Web and 3-G Internet-empowered telephones will enable the advertiser to publicize his items effectively and at last increment his market

The Cybercrime Convention and the Criminalisation of Child Pornography Related Crimes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2442 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Cyber Security Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION: The use of computers as an instrument to commit crimes is in the increase in this modern age. It is very easy for one to possess and access child pornographic material, particularly through the use of the internet. The cybercrime convention amongst others places a responsibility on member states to make a concerted effort of an acting legislation to combat child pornography related crimes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Cybercrime Convention and the Criminalisation of Child Pornography Related Crimes" essay for you Create order It is important for one to understand what is meant by child pornography and what acts are criminalised or prohibited. It is also important to note that Section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 108 of 1996 which is the supreme law of the Republic of South Africa guarantees the protection of childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. The need for this protection was further echoed in the case of De Reuck v Director of Public Prosecutions, Witwatersrand Local Division and others where in the matter in was reiterated that an intrusion into perpetrator private domain is justified since child pornography and child abuse, happens in the privacy of their homes[1] RELEVANT LEGISLATION. In South Africa the legislation presently dealing with the prohibition of child pornography is the Films and Publications Amendment Act, 3 of 2009. This Act repeals some of the sections of the former Films and Publications Act, 65 of 1996, which also dealt with issues relating to c hild pornography. Child pornography is defined in Section 1 of the Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996 as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Includes any Image, real or simulated, however created, depicting a person who is or who is shown as being under the age of 18 years, engaged in sexual conduct or a display of genitals which amounts to sexual exploitation of participating in, or assisting another person to engage in sexual conduct which amounts to sexual exploitation or degradation of children.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2] Before the enactment of the Films and Publications Amendment Act [3] the legislation dealing with the combating of child pornography was the Films and Publications Act of 1996. Section 27 (i) (a) states that any person who knowingly creates, produces, imports or possess a publication with visual representation of child pornography shall be guilty of an offence. Section 27 (i) (b) prohibited the creation, distribution, production, importation and /or the possession of a film with scenes of child pornography. Furthermore the distribution of a publication that contains visual presentation of amongst others child pornography was prohibited in terms of Section 28 of Act 65 of 1996. The Act defines publication so widely that it includes computer software that is not a film and includes and message or communication including visual presentations placed on any network including but not limited to the internet. OFFENCE CREATING PROVISIONS According to the Films and Publications Amendment Act à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any person who unlawfully possess ,creates ,produces or in any way contributes to, or assists in the creation or production of; imports or in any way takes steps to procure, obtain or access or in any way knowingly assist in, or facilities the importation, or procurement, obtaining or accessing of any film , game or publication which contains depictions, descriptions or scenes of child pornography or which advocates, advertises, encourages or promo tes child pornography or the sexual exploitation of children shall be guilty of an offenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4]. Section 24B(2)(a) criminalises the failure to report to the South African Police Services any knowledge or the suspicion of the commission of any of the offences referred to in sub section (i) LEGALITY AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY One of the key critical issues in taking a decision to prosecute is ensuring that the conduct of the perpetrator complies with the principle of legality and the definition of the crime whether under Common Law or based on a statutory provision[5]. Another aspect that is of critical importance in ensuring a successful prosecution is to establish that the conduct of the perpetrator conforms to the requirements of criminal liability namely; Actus reus Mens rea Unlawfulness Culpability All these requirements must be present at all times and if anyone of them is lacking the perpetrator cannot be held criminally accountable for his deeds. If the perpetrator unknowingly accessed a website containing child pornographic material and immediately closes it, it can easily be argued that he did not have mens rea, in other words that he did not have a guilty mind and that he therefore did not commit any crime. However if he knowingly accessed the said website with the full knowledge that his conduct is wrongful/unlawful and reconciles himself with such insight, it can be argued that he acted with the necessary mens rea and a guilty mind. In other words there has to be no grounds of justification available at the disposal of the perpetrator of the crime. It is clear that even in international jurisdictions perpetrators of child pornographic crimes will always raise fancy defences such as lack of possession, unwittingly accessing a child pornography website, accidental vi ewing etc. In the light of what has been postulated above it is clear that the ability to prosecute successfully will always be influenced amongst others by the way the investigation was conducted Critical to any cybercrime investigation is preserving the integrity of the evidence, it is important to decide and know the following: What to look for( identify the evidence you are looking for); Where to look for the evidence; How to look for the evidence; How to handle the evidence ( for authenticity, credibility, admissibility and evidential value/ weight) By whom was the evidence gathered. It is equally important to ensure that the evidence gathering process is done in a credible way taking into account the due process of the law. Bearing in mind that electronic evidence is very fragile and volatile in nature, every effort must be made to ensure that whatever technique or method is used to obtain or analyse such evidence does not modify, manipulate, alter and/or damage such evidence. Original evidence must preserved in the same condition in which it was found EVIDENCE GATHERING PROCESS A.THE SEARCH Section 20 of the Criminal Procedure Act[6] states the goods or articles which may be seized by the police namely: Articles concerned in the commission of an offence; Articles which may afford evidence of the commission of an offence; Articles intended to be used in the commission of an offence. The Criminal Procedure Act empowers the police to search and seize under the authority of a warrant provided all the requirements have been complied with[7]. Section 22 of the Criminal Procedure Act serves as an exception to the effect where possible the search a seizure should be carried out on the strength of a search warrant, in terms of this section the police may search and seize without a valid warrant under the following circumstances: By obtaining a valid consent; When the police believes on reasonable grounds that if he were to apply for a search warrant it will be issued to him ; When time is of the essence, this will be when circumstances are such that any delay in obtaining the warrant is going to defeat the object of the search ( the destruction of the evidence) CYBER INSPECTORS Section 83 of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act[8] makes provision for a search by cyber inspectors who are appointed by the Director General of the Department of Communications in terms of Section 80 of the said Act. Section 82 (i) of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act gives cyber inspectors wider powers of search and seizure in the performance of their duties. Critical to these powers is the authority to enter nay premises or access any information system that has a bearing on the investigation. Another interesting aspect of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act is that it makes provision for the SAPS and or any statutory body with the authority to search and seize conferred on them by any other law to enlist the help of cyber inspectors to assist in an investigation. THE DYNAMICS OF POSSIBLE DEFENCES In order to effectively address the issues pertaining to possible defences involving the use of a compu ter that are likely to be raised in cases of child pornography particularly issues in relation to lack of possession, unwittingly accessing child pornography websites and accidental viewing, it is critical during the investigation process for one to know once again what to look for, where to look for it, how and why we are looking for it (the consideration of specific issues). It is also important to have regard to international law and precedents, which more often than not prove to have invaluable guidance when dealing with defences of this nature Key to the examination of the computer will be firstly to take photos or video footage of the scene and proceed with the process of the search seizure of the computer and any electronic devices, including floppy disks, cdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, memory stick, digital cameras, zip disks and hard drives. Look also for any photographs and or any magazines in the surrounding area. The collection of the volatile data to its completion will be t he next step followed by a decision whether to unplug the computer from the network of shut down the device. It will also be equally important to make copies of the hard disk, which will be used for analysis purposes whilst preserving the original information on the main computer or hard drive in its original form. In order to rebut some of these possible defences as indicated earlier it will important during the investigation or the analysis process to look at the following: How long does Mr Perver stay on the website; Check for evidence of any delete files; Check for evidence for files moved to the recycle bin; Check for evidence of temporary files downloaded from the internet; Check for additional evidence in the history folders; Investigate the likelihood of Mr Perver having an account on the internet, Investigate Mr Perverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge of the computer, Check whether any child pornographic material was retrieved form the cache, Check for hidden files that have been renamed, Check whether he has ever reported his discovery of child pornography to the police, Check his banking details for payment of his subscription to news groups to access child pornographic websites, Check emails sent and received relating to child pornography, Investigate the number of times the websites were visited, Investigate whether any thumbnail images have been manipulated or enlarged, Check for any evidence for any deletion and how often it is taking place, Investigate whether Mr Perver has a specific password, that allows him access to child pornographic websites , and Look for evidence of any attempt to delete cache. CONCLUSION In the light of what has been postulated above it is clear that Mr Perver accessed six child pornographic websites on 25/01/2015. Section 24 B (1) prohibits any act of possession and or access to child pornography. Mr Perver will therefore have to be charged with six counts of the contravention of Section 24 B (1)(a) for the possession of child pornographic material. In addition to that he can also be charged with six counts of the contravention of Section 24 (1)(c) in that he accessed six pornographic websites on the day in question. It is also respectfully submitted that based on his knowledge of the prohibited acts being carried out in that having accessed the six pornographic websites he became aware that prohibited acts of child pornography are taking place, but failed to report that to the police that he may also be charges with six counts of the contravention of Section 24 B (2)(a). It is respectfully submitted that it is highly unlikely that Mr Perver will unwittingly access six child pornography websites on the same day. The probabilities are that he knowingly and intentionally access these websites. ADMISSIBILITY The issue regarding the admissibility of evidence is a world- wide phenomenon. In the South African context, it is the State that bears the onus of proving the Accusedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. This entails presenting all relevant evidential material before the court. Critical to this exercise is the admissibility and evidential weight of the evidence that is being presented before court. Admissibility simply refers to the acceptance of the evidence. It is important when presenting evidence for one to made a determination as to the type of evidence one is dealing with, the reason why such evidence is being presented and how to present it. This determination will always have an effect on the admissibility requirement of such evidence. Evidential material may consist of oral evid ence, written, documentary and/or real evidence. The admissibility and evidential weight of electronic evidence is regulated by: i)Common Law; ii)Electronic Communications and Transactions Ac, 25 of 2002; iii)Criminal Procedure Act, 51 of 1977; iv)Law of Evidence Amendment Act, 45 of 1988. It is important as initially mentioned to decide when presenting electronic evidence whether it is being presented as real evidence or as documentary evidence, since the admissibility requirements of such evidence is not the same. DOCUMENT Both the common law as well as various other pieces of legislation including the Criminal Procedure Act provide us with a definition of what is a document. What is important to note is that amongst others they define a document in such a way that is has either an ordinary meaning or an extended meaning. (sections 1 and 221(4),(5) of CPA, section 33 of the Civil Proceedings Evidence Act, 25 of 1965. PLUS Case Law) DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATIO N A distinction has to be made between various types of documents since the requirements for admissibility varies depending on the type of a document. Documents may be classified as follows: i)Public documents; ii)Official documents (either public or private) and iii)Private documents. The general rule pertaining to documents is that one has to prove originality, authenticity and the truth of the contents but there are however exceptions to this rule in certain circumstances. There are however exceptions to the requirement of originality in certain circumstances under either the common law or some statutory provisions. When presenting a public document it is not necessary to prove the requirements mentioned above. Section 234 of the Criminal Procedure Act, regulates how an official document is to be presented in court. It needs to be mentioned at this stage that if it is a private official document, one still has to prove the truth of the contents. [1] 2003 (2) SACR 445 (CC) [2] Section 1 of the Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996 [3] Act 3 of 2009 [4] Section 24 B (i)(a)(c) [5] Snyman [6] Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 [7] Section 21 ( see also the following case law THINT (PTY) LTD v NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PERSECUTIONS AND OTHERS; ZUMA AND ANOTHER v NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS AND OTHERS 2008 (2) SACR 421 (CC); MINISTER OF SAFETY AND SECURITY v VAN DER MERWE AND OTHERS 2011 (2) SACR 301 (CC) [8] Act 25 of 2002

Depression A Complex Biological Illness Essay - 1392 Words

Depression is a mental disorder that is a feeling of sadness that can interfere with daily life for a person and the family and friends of the person. The some of the major signs or symptoms of depression are thoughts of suicide, loss of interest, and appetite changes. There are many things to know about this disorder such as what the it is, what causes it, who is afflicted by it, how it is diagnosed, and what treatment is available. According to a research, â€Å"depression is a complex biological illness that affects the delicate balance of brain chemicals, the signaling system used for communication between neurons, the flow of blood through the brain, the hormones that regular dozen of body processes, and the mechanisms involved in sleep and wakefulness.† (Kim 16). There are many different types of depression. They include major depression, persistent depressive disorder, psychotic depression, postpartum depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, substance induced mood disorder, anxious distress, mixed features, melancholic features, atypical features, and seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Major depression is an interference â€Å"with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat and enjoy once pleasurable activities† (â€Å"Types of Depression†). Persistent depressive disorder lasts over a period of two years with severe symptoms that come and go on occasion. Psychotic depression is a form of p sychosis that include delusions or hallucinations. Postpartum depression is seen in women who haveShow MoreRelatedDepression And Its Effects On Depression1639 Words   |  7 PagesDepression affects about six to seven percent of the U.S. population (Archives of General Psychiatry, 2005, p. 617-627). 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The Superhero Of Superhero Movies - 1454 Words

Superhero movies have been on the rise lately. These movies are often looked at as entertainment for people who play Dungeons and Dragons and are simply mindless pleasure; however, this is not the case. The reason behind the popularity of superhero movies is more than just the want of the common comic book reader. The superhero movie industry has made a sharp incline in popularity; in fact there are more superhero movies now than ever before. A website called Fights, Tights and Movie Nights listed all of the superhero movies made since the 1980’s by year and these were their findings. In the 1980’s an average of three to four super movies came out a year. In the 1990’s these movies were made on average five to six times per year. In the 2000’s the movies doubled to 12-13 produced on average each year. Today, 2010’s, the average number of superhero movies has again doubled in size with it now resting at twenty-two to twenty-three superhero movies made on average each year. The drastic increase of the number of superhero movies leaves the average movie attendee wondering why they are seeing this spike of superhero movies. The increase of superhero movies can be contributed to a few key factors: the advances of technology in the movie industry, the movie genre’s adaption to be socially relevant, and the characters now possessing more humanistic qualities (Fights†¦). When asking most people why they think superhero movies have made such surges in popularity over the lastShow MoreRelatedThe Superhero Of Superhero Movies1916 Words   |  8 PagesA superhero is a good, benevolent, costumed figure with special powers who fights crime and supervillains! Even the premise itself sounds exciting and enticing; this can be seen by the amount of superhero movies and merchandise available today, one can say that their popularity has truly grown over the past years. 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Business and Corporations Law Entire Partnership

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporations Law for Entire Partnership. Answer: 1. Issue: In the present assignment, the legal issue in question has to do with whether the actions of a partner can bind the other partners in a partnership firm and make them liable as well. Specifically, what we have to see is whether the action of Adrian in entering two separate agreements, one for buying of Accounting Journals from Tom for $15000 and the other for buying of surveying material from Edgar for an amount of $8000, without the knowledge of the other two partners, Adian and Peter, will bind the entire partnership firm or not. Relevant Laws and Rules: The first and foremost thing to be looked at, in case of situations such as the present case is the term and conditions which the partners had agreed between them. The law will look at the terms arrived at by the partners in a partnership firm and will give effect to it, accordingly. These are clauses and agreements which will lay down the groundwork or the framework for ensuring what kind of liability is owed by each partner to the others as well as to the partnership firm, too (Peirson et al. 2014). This results in the situation that if a partner is doing or has done something for which he had authority, then entire firm as well as the partners too, will be bound and liable for it (Pollock, 2013, p. 10) Apart from this, however, there are also certain other ways, how the different partners in a partnership firm may be held liable for the actions of the other partner even when the other partner overstepped his boundaries in terms of the authority that he had. This situation, in fact, has been provided for in the provision, present in the Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW) (Business and Corporation law 504 Modules, 2015, Topic 13). The two most important sections present in the Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW) which adhere to the present issue of an action of a partner outside his scope of authority binding the other partners, is s 5(1) and s 8 of the same. Section 5(1) of the act quite categorically lays down that an unauthorized action of a partner outside his scope of authority will still be able to bind the fellow partners, provided two elements are present. Firstly, for this section to apply, the unauthorized action of the partner has to have some connection with the usual or normal course of business of the partnership firm. This basically means that if a partnership firm is involved in the business of selling of clothes, then the action of the partner outside his scope of authority has to be connected with activity of such sales. If it is not connected with the usual course of business, then the other partners cannot and will not be held liable. Secondly, the other requirement which has been envisioned in the s 5(1) is that the third person the partner acting outside his scope is dealing with has no prior idea of the partner overstepping his boundaries. If it can be proved by the other partners that the third person had knowledge about the partner not acting in tune with his authorization, then the other partners will be able to deflect the blame and their liability as well (Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW). Section 8 of the same act has also been structured, keeping in view the same kind of issue as well. Section 8 states in no uncertain terms that the arrangement between the partners with regards to their scope of authority to bind each other is a sacred covenant for the partnership business to exist and as such if any outside person privy to such agreements still decides to go ahead with an arrangement with one of the partners, where such arrangement is outside the scope of authority of the partner in question, then the third party will not be allowed to take advantage of his wrong and bring a claim against other partners (Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW). Apart from these, s 6(1) and s 7(1) has helps in establishing the same principle with regards to action of a partners, binding the other partners and making them liable as well. There are a couple of decisions of the court as well apart from these statutory provisions, which helps us in understanding the liability existing between the partners. First, among these is the landmark case of Mercantile Credit Ltd. Vs. Garrod (Mercantile Credit Ltd. Vs. Garrod [1962] 3 All ER 1103). In this present case, there were two persons involved in the business of garage services. In the internal arrangement between the two partners, they had agreed to not partake in the business of trading of cars. However, one of the partners without the knowledge of the other decided to sell a car over which he had no right to a third party in the name of the partnership business. The third party, quite clearly had to return the car back to its original owner after some time and hence decide to claim charges against the partnership, consequently. The partner without whose knowledge such a transaction was made, tried to avoid liability by showing the internal arrangement of the partnershi p firm. The court, however, in its judgment quite clearly laid down that selling and buying of cars can said to be in the normal course of garage business and since the third party did not have any idea about the internal agreement between the partners, both the partners in such a case should be held liable. The other case, similar to the present situation was the case between Australasia v Breillat (13 ER 642), where the privy council quite clearly laid down that there exists a relationship of agency between the different partners in a partnership firm, especially when one partner does something similar to the business the partnership firm is involved in. Application of Relevant Laws and Rules: With the relevant laws and cases discussed above, we will now be able to see whether Tom and Edgar will be able to claim from only Adrian or even from the other partners as well. The internal arrangement between the partners of the firm was that they would be able to bind each other to the tune of $ 10000. In the case of buying of surveying materials from Edgar, even though it was in connection to something which could not have been said to be in the normal course of business, but the fact that the partners were liable for each others actions up to an amount of $10000, will mean that the other partners will be liable to pay Edgar the required sum. Moreover, simply because of the fact that not only was that particular transaction connected to the normal course of business of the firm but also because Tom had no idea about the arrangement of the partners, tom will be eligible claim in view of s 5(1) and s 8 along with the judgment of the court in the two above referred cases. Conclusion: In the present case, the partners will be liable to both Tom as well as Edgar, due to the partnership provisions prevalent in the country (Gaal, 2013, p.267). Both Tom as well as Edgar will be able to bring action against all the three partners, Adrian, Adian and Peter as well and will be able to prove their case in the court of law. 2. Issue: Based on the facts, the issue that arises here are the following: Whether Richard can be held liable for breaching the non - compete clause with Nu Slim Pty Ltd and whether the company will be asked to close down after its incorporation? Whether Richard and Frances will be held liable for not paying the installment of the loan that costs 40000 dollars owed to United Bank by Fat Away Pty Ltd? Relevant Rule and Procedure: A company structures a non compete clause to restrict the employees from competing against the organization after they complete their period of employment. This kind of restraint is achieved by inserting a non compete clause. This clause enables not only the former employees from competing against the firm but also restraints the existing employees from competing against the organization (Bunstoff et al. 2013). The reason why this rule was included in the Corporations Act was to ensure that the employees do not take unfair advantage of the information that is available to the employees at the time of their employment. This means that the employees, during the course of their employment, will be liable to the company for all their actions that is competitive in nature (Davis et al. 2015, p. 255). Additionally, the case has also given attention to the concept of separate legal entity under section 119 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). As per section 119 of the Act, a company that is registered under the Corporations Act has the capability of suing others and being sued in its own name. This means that the company has to bear all the liabilities in its own name. The liabilities that the company shall undertake will be in its own name as well as in the name of its members. The liabilities may be related to the undertaking of a debt or some other issue that has to be proceeded in the name of the company (Hannigan, 2015). In such an instant, the company will be able to fulfill the principles of separate legal entity. The company possesses the status of a natural person and was to be protected under the doctrine of corporate veil. However, the Court in certain situations may ask the company to lift its corporate veil. The Court uses its discretionary power in such situations and ensures that the companys corporate veil is lifted, especially when the companys working is in question (Grantham, 2013, p. 311). The reason why the corporate veil is lifted from any company is to find out the true owners, members and shareholders of the company. Section 588 V X of the Corporation Act deals with the doctrine of lifting the corporate veil. Application of the Rule: Likewise, in the instant case as well, the issue that is related to the non-competing clause, Richard can claim that the company that was established by him was a separate legal entity and thus, cannot be held liable. However, the Court may hold Richard liable for breaching the clause that relates to restraint of trade. The judgment that was taken by the Court in the case of Gilford Motor Co. Ltd Vs. Horne ([1933] Ch 935), can be applied in the given case study as well as making Fat Away Pty Ltd liable for their actions. The second issue that was in question was related to the lifting of corporate veil. In this case, the Court may order the company to lift their corporate veil to examine and investigate how the owners of the company managed and control the working of the firm. Thus, the companys corporate veil may be lifted. Conclusion: Conclusively, it may be held that Richard will be found guilty of breaching the non compete clause and at the same time, it will also be answerable to Nu Slim Pty Ltd. Moreover, Richard and Frances will also be held liable for not paying the installment of their loan of 40000 dollars owed by United Bank. As such in the present situation both Nu slim Pty Ltd. as well as the United Bank will be able to prove their charges against Richard. References: Australasia v Breillat (13 ER 642). Bnstorf, G, Engel, C, Fischer, S and Guth, W (2013). Win Shift Lose StayAn Experimental Test of Non-Compete Clauses.MPI Collective Goods Preprint, (2013/17). Business and Corporation LAW504 Modules. Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Davis, A, Reicin, E. D and Warren, M (2015). Developing Trends in Non-Compete Agreements and Other Restrictive Covenants.ABA Journal of Labor Employment Law,30(2), 255. Gaal, J (2013). Definitions of.Division 7A Handbook: The Practitioner's Guide to the Div 7A Rules, 267 Gilford Motor Co. Ltd Vs. Horne [1933] Ch 935. Grantham, R (2013). Corporate Veil: An Ingenious Device, The.U. Queensland LJ,32, 311. Hannigan, B (2015).Company law. Oxford University Press, USA. Mercantile Credit Ltd. Vs. Garrod [1962] 3 All ER 1103. Partnership Act 1892 (NSW). Peirson, G, Brown, R, Easton, S and Howard, P (2014).Business finance. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Pollock, M (2013). So you want to be a partner?.Brief,40(7), 10.